Diabetes mellitus y COVID-19: fisiopatología y propuesta de tratamiento para el control glucémico en el tiempo de la pandemia / Diabetes mellitus and COVID-19: pathophysiology and treatment proposal for glycemic control at the time of the pandemic

RESUMEN El coronavirus 2 del síndrome respiratorio agudo grave es el tercer betacoronavirus desde el año 2003 capaz de ocasionar una infección del tracto respiratorio inferior, llevando, en casos críticos, al síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda y la muerte. La edad avanzada, la hipertensión arterial y la diabetes mellitus son, entre otros, tres factores determinantes en los peores desenlaces clínicos. Múltiples mecanismos pueden explicar la mayor susceptibilidad de las personas diabéticas a las infecciones respiratorias. La hiperglucemia crónica altera tanto a la inmunidad humoral como al celular. Esta enfermedad predispone a la sobreexpresión de la proteína de la membrana celular que sirve como receptora del virus y a una respuesta inflamatoria exacerbada, aumentando el riesgo de una descompensación y de la aparición de crisis hiperglicémicas. Ante la ausencia de un tratamiento efectivo o de una vacuna, todos los esfuerzos deben hacerse para procurar un buen control metabólico de los pacientes con diabetes mellitus con y sin COVID-19. Por lo anterior, se plantean en este artículo de reflexión, diferentes propuestas para el tratamiento de la diabetes mellitus en la unidad de cuidados intensivos, sin descartar la forma ambulatoria, en donde la telemedicina y otras tecnologías permitirán acortar la distancia y mantener las medidas de aislamiento preventivo.

SUMMARY Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is the third beta-coronavirus since 2003 capable of causing lower respiratory tract infection, leading to severe cases of acute respiratory distress syndrome and death. Advanced age, high blood pressure and diabetes mellitus are three predictors of worse clinical outcomes. Multiple mechanisms could explain the greater susceptibility of diabetic people to respiratory infections. Chronic hyperglycemia alters both humoral and cellular immunity. This disease predisposes to virus receptor overexpression and an exaggerated inflammatory response, increasing the risk of decompensation and hyperglycemic crises. In the absence of an effective vaccine or treatment for the virus, this vicious circle should be stopped with an emphasis on controlling glucose. This paper presents different proposals for the treatment of diabetes mellitus both on an outpatient basis where telemedicine and other technologies will make it possible to continue adequate ambulatory care to maintain preventive isolation measures up to care in the intensive care unit.

Characteristics of hypoparathyroidism in Colombia: data from a single center in the city of Medellín.

OBJECTIVE: Hypoparathyroidism is a rare condition, whose most common etiology is complications of neck surgery. The aim of the study was to identify the clinical and biochemical profile of the patients with diagnosis of hypoparathyroidism, including the frequency of symptoms, clinical signs, long-term complications and disease control. Additionally, the study sought to know what the medication profile was, and the doses required by the patients. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: A retrospective cohort study was conducted wherein all patients with ICD-10 codes associated with hypoparathyroidism between 2011 and 2018 at the Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación were included. We investigated the etiology of the disease; biochemical profile including lowest serum calcium, highest serum phosphorus, 25OHD levels, calciuria and calcium/phosphorus product; medication doses, disease control, and presence of complications, especially renal and neurologic complications were also evaluated. RESULTS: The cohort included 108 patients (99 women/9 men) with a mean age of 51.6 ± 15.6 years. The main etiology was postoperative (93.5%), the dose of elemental calcium received was relatively low (mean 1,164 mg/day), and in only 9.2% of cases more than 2,500 mg/day of elemental calcium was necessary. We were able to evaluate the follow-up in 89 patients, and found that only 57.3% met the criteria for controlled disease. CONCLUSION: The clinical profile of patients with hypoparathyroidism in our cohort is similar to that described in other international studies, with predominantly postoperative etiology. With standard therapy, only adequate control is achieved in a little more than half of patients. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2020;64(3):282-9.

Characteristics of hypoparathyroidism in Colombia: data from a single center in the city of Medellín

ABSTRACT Objective Hypoparathyroidism is a rare condition, whose most common etiology is complications of neck surgery. The aim of the study was to identify the clinical and biochemical profile of the patients with diagnosis of hypoparathyroidism, including the frequency of symptoms, clinical signs, long-term complications and disease control. Additionally, the study sought to know what the medication profile was, and the doses required by the patients. Subjects and method A retrospective cohort study was conducted wherein all patients with ICD-10 codes associated with hypoparathyroidism between 2011 and 2018 at the Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación were included. We investigated the etiology of the disease; biochemical profile including lowest serum calcium, highest serum phosphorus, 25OHD levels, calciuria and calcium/phosphorus product; medication doses, disease control, and presence of complications, especially renal and neurologic complications were also evaluated. Results The cohort included 108 patients (99 women/9 men) with a mean age of 51.6 ± 15.6 years. The main etiology was postoperative (93.5%), the dose of elemental calcium received was relatively low (mean 1,164 mg/day), and in only 9.2% of cases more than 2,500 mg/day of elemental calcium was necessary. We were able to evaluate the follow-up in 89 patients, and found that only 57.3% met the criteria for controlled disease. Conclusion The clinical profile of patients with hypoparathyroidism in our cohort is similar to that described in other international studies, with predominantly postoperative etiology. With standard therapy, only adequate control is achieved in a little more than half of patients. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2020;64(3):282-9

Calcitriol-mediated hypercalcemia secondary to granulomatous disease caused by soft-tissue filler injection: a case report.

Soft-tissue filler (STF) injections have been used worldwide for cosmetic reasons. In most cases, they are not approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Regulatory boards in Latin American countries do not allow the medical use of STF injections; however, these injections are still widely used. A case of calcitriol-mediated hypercalcemia with ectopic calcifications, chronic kidney disease, nephrolithiasis and calcinosis is presented. The reported case highlights the consequences of STF use, including calcitriol-mediated hypercalcemia secondary to granulomatous reactions years after an esthetic procedure.